![]() The electrons must have opposite spins if there are 2 electrons in the orbital. An orbital can only hold 0,1, or 2 electrons. ![]() Pauli Exclusion Principle: no two electrons can have the same quantum numbers. Hund's rule: when filling sub-levels, electrons must not be spin paired in the orbitals until each orbital contains one electron and no orbital can have two electrons with the same spin. Aufbau's principle: electrons must fill the lowest energy shells first. It follows the rules for electron configuration filling in the ground state. In the question, the only configuration for a ground state atom is d. All elements on the periodic table are in their ground states. Like the piano on the ground, the atom in its ground state means it is in its lowest energy state. The piano is in the lowest position relative to its surroundings, so it is in its lowest energy state. When the piano has crashed to the ground on a cartoon character, the piano is in its "ground state" because it possesses the lowest potential energy. If I had a piano on a cliff, it will have high potential energy because it has the potential to fall down (potential energy converting to kinetic energy). Potential energy is the energy possessed by the electron by virtue to its position relative to others. ![]() What I mean by low potential energy is that there is nowhere for the electron to "fall". In this state, the electrons have the lowest potential energy. The ground state in an atom is when electrons are in the lowest possible energy level.
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